Qualitaive Test for Ammonia in given sample [CCF-SEMV-DSCC-11-P]

 

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Litmus Paper Test: The sample solution is poured on damp Red litmus paper.	The red litmus turns blue.	Ammonia may be present.
Reaction with Hydrogen Chloride : Holding A glass rod dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid near the source of the gaseous sample.	A dense white cloud (solid ammonium chloride) is formed.	Ammonia  is present.
Copper(II) Sulfate Test: Aqueous sample reacts with copper sulfate solution. If the amount of sample soln. is small     If the amount in excess	Pale blue precipitate occur.[Copper (II)hydroxide] Deep blue solution is formed . Tetraammine copper(II) sulfate]	Ammonia is present.
Nessler’s Reagent Test [ Nessler’s Reagent = Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) ] [Confirmatory Test]  2-3 ml of sample solution was taken in a clean test tube. A few drops of Nessler’s reagent added to the sample.	Solution turns pale yellow to orange color .   A distinct reddish brown precipitate in formed.	Presence of trace amount of ammonia in the sample is confirmed.   It is confirmed that high concentration of ammonia is present in the sample.
2K2[HgI4] + 3KOH + NH3 ➡️   [Hg2N]I . H2O [Millon’s base] + 7KI + 2H2O

Qualitative Test for Urea :https://biomassfootprints.blogspot.com/2025/12/qualitative-tests-for-urea-in-given.html

Qualitative Test for Uric acid: https://biomassfootprints.blogspot.com/2025/12/qualitative-tests-for-uric-acid-in.html

Qualitative tests for Uric acid in given sample [CCF-SEMV-DSCC-11-P]

 [ Test Solution: 0.2% Uric acid solution in 1% Na₂CO₃ or dilute NaOH ]

[How to get Uric acid?

Horbaczewski Synthesis (Urea + Glycine)

This is one of the simplest methods, where uric acid is formed by heating urea with the amino acid glycine.

The Reaction:

H₂N-CH₂-COOH + 3(NH₂)₂CO   ➡️ 🔺 ➡️  C₅H₄N₄O₃ + 3NH₃+2H₂O

Procedure:

1. Mix dry Urea and Glycine in a 3:1 molar ratio.

2. Heat the mixture in a flask to approximately 180 degree C- 200 degree C.

3. The mixture will melt and then solidify as ammonia gas is evolved.

4. The resulting solid is then dissolved in a dilute alkali (like KOH) and precipitated back out using a dilute acid (like HCl) to obtain purified uric acid crystals.]

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Litmus Test:A piece of red litmus paper is dipped into the test solution.	Red paper turns blue.	Uric acid may be present.
Reduction test:             Schiffs Test: Few drops of test solution  upon a filter paper moistenes with silver nitrate solution.	Black coloration occurs.	Presence of Uric acid is confirmed.
Black colouration is due to reduction of AgNo3 to colloidal silver.
Folin’s Test: 2 drops of Folin’s phosphotungstic acid reagent to about 3 ml of the test solution.	Blue color is obtained.	Presence of Uric acid is confirmed.
[Chemical reaction: In alkaline solution, uric acid is oxidized to allantoin & it reduces alkaline phosphotungstic acid to tungsten blue. Thus the blue coloration is due to reduction of  phosphotungstate  by uric acid in alkaline solution.]
Murexide Test:[Confirmatory Test] 5 ml of sample solution is heated to concentrate it to about 1 ml. Transfer the solution into a porcelain dish. Add 3 drops of concentrated HNO3 & evaporate carefully over a low flame. Instead of solution, a small quantity of solid  sample is taken   ·         A drop of dilute ammonia  is added to the small amount of residue.   ·         A drop of NaOH solution  is added to the small amount of residue.	Yellow red residue left.    Residue turns purple.     Residue turns blue violet.	Uric acid is present in the sample.
[Chemical reason: Purple colour is ammonium purpurate & blue violet is sodium purpurate. Concentrated Nitric acid oxidizes uric acid to dialuric acid & alloxan. They condense to form alloxantin, which under the action of ammonia ,is converted first to purpuric acid & subsequently to its ammonium salt. Uric acid ➡️ concentrated nitric acid➡ Dialuric acid + alloxan  ➡ condensation ➡Alloxantin. Alloxantin ➡ ammonia ➡  Purpuric acid➡  Ammonium purpurate.]

Qualitative Test for  Urea :https://biomassfootprints.blogspot.com/2025/12/qualitative-tests-for-urea-in-given.html

Qualitative Test for Ammonia: https://biomassfootprints.blogspot.com/2025/12/qualitaive-test-for-ammonia.html

Qualitative tests for Urea in given sample [CCF-SEMV-DSCC-11-P]

 

[Test Solution Required: 2% Urea solution in distilled water.]

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Hypobromite Test: A few drops of freshly prepared alkaline sodium hypobromite is added to about 3ml of sample solution.	A marked effervescence occur.	Urea is present .
[Chemical reason:  The effervescence is due to  evolution of nitrogen which occurs during the reaction. ➡️NH2CONH2 + 3NaOBr         N2 ⬆️  + CO2 ⬆️ + 3NaBr + 2H2O Sodium Hypobromite (NaOBr) decomposes urea, liberating N2 & CO2,the last being absorbed by alkali. [CO (NH2)2 +3 NaOBr    ➡️  3NaBr + N2  ⬆️ + CO2+2H2O CO2 +2NaOH  ➡️   Na2CO2 +H2O] The complete equation is  (NH2)2CO + 3NaOBr + 2NaOH  ➡️  N2  ⬆️   + Na2CO3 + 3NaBr + 3H2O] [Reagent Preparation Sodium hypobromite is unstable and is usually prepared fresh (in situ) by reacting bromine with cold sodium hydroxide:Br2 + 2NaOH ➡️    NaBr + NaOBr + H2O]
Nitrate Test: A drop of Concentrated HNO3 to a drop of a concentrated solution of Urea.	Octahedral lozenge shaped crystals are formed. [Urea nitrate ]	Urea is present.
Biuret Test:[Confirmatory Test] Evaporate 5ml of sample solution over a low flame to get the crystal form.After cooling dissolve the residue in dil.NaOH & add 1or 2 drops of 1%CuSO4 Solution.	Pink colour [Bi-uret] is obtained in the solution.	Urea is Present.
Chemical reason:  Heat decomposes urea into ammonia & cyanic acid. At high temperature the cyanic acid is partially polymerized to cyanuric acid & partially combines with unchanged urea to biuret form. CO(NH2)2  ➡️   HNCO [Cyanic acid] + NH3 [Ammonia]   ➡️HN.CO + CO(NH2)2         H2NCO.NH.CONH2  [Biuret]

Qualitative Test for Uric Acid: https://biomassfootprints.blogspot.com/2025/12/qualitative-tests-for-uric-acid-in.html

Qualitative Test for Ammonia: https://biomassfootprints.blogspot.com/2025/12/qualitaive-test-for-ammonia.html

IDENTIFICATION (with reason) OF Ompok sp (B.Sc. ZOOLOGY_CCF- SEMESTER5_DSCC-9)

 Identifying features are:

1. Multicellular heterotroph.
2. embryonic development, preceded by heterogametic fertilization.

            Hence, the specimen belongs to the Kingdom Animalia.

1. Presence of hollow, dorsal, tubular nerve cord.
2. Presence of notochord, at any stage of their life or throughout the life.
3.  Presence of pharyngeal gill slits & post anal tail during some stage in the ontogeny.

            Hence, the specimen belongs to the Phylum Chordata.

1. Presence of Cranium.
2. Presence of vertebral column.
3. Presence of paired lateral appendages.
4. A post anal tail usually present.

           Hence, the specimen belongs to the Sub Phylum: Vertebrata

1. Mouth is covered by functional jaws.
2. Presence of paired appendages.

       Hence, the specimen belongs to the Super Class Gnathostomata

1. Operculum is present to cover the gills.
2. Homocercal type of tail is present.
3. Presence of bony endoskeleton.
4. Presence of terminal mouth.

      Hence, the specimen belongs to the Class: Osteichthyes

1. Fins are  supported by lepidotrichia—thin, bony, or horny spines that radiate from the body.
2. Fin rays attach directly to the internal skeletal elements (radials).
3. Rays are connected by a thin layer of skin (webbing), acting like a folding fan. 

   Hence, the specimen belongs to the Sub Class: Actinopterygii

1. Scales are absent or covered by epidermis.
2. Presence of fully filamentous gills.
3. Presence of swim bladder.

Hence, the specimen belongs to the Super Order Teleostei

1. Naked skin or with bony scutes or plates but never with scales.
2. Barbels 1 to 4 pairs.
3. Reduced maxillary support the barbels.
4. Ramified lateral line is present.
5. Abdominal pelvic fin is present.
6. First fin ray of dorsal & pectoral fins modified as hard spines or thick rays.

Hence, the specimen belongs to the  Order Siluriformes

1. Laterally highly compressed, naked Body, smooth skin, covered in mucus.
2.  Protractile superior mouth, does not extend beyond the posterior margin of the eye.
3. Reduced Dorsal Fin, often contains only 3–5 soft rays and lacking a spine. It is situated on the anterior (front) third of the body.
4. Presence of elongated non confluent anal Fin (Non-Confluent)
5. Presence of two pair of barbels.

          Hence, the specimen seems to be Ompok

 sp

Systematic Position: (Young,1981)

Kingdom: Animalia

         Phylum: Chordata

             Sub Phylum: Vertebrata

                    Super Class: Gnathostomata

                         Class: Osteichthyes

                               Sub Class: Actinopterygii

                                  Super Order: Teleostei

                                              Order:  Siluriformes

                                                  Genus: Ompok

IDENTIFICATION (with reason) OF Wallago sp (B.Sc. ZOOLOGY_CCF- SEMESTER5_DSCC-9)

 Identifying features are:

1. Multicellular heterotroph.
2. embryonic development, preceded by heterogametic fertilization.

            Hence, the specimen belongs to the Kingdom Animalia.

1. Presence of hollow, dorsal, tubular nerve cord.
2. Presence of notochord, at any stage of their life or throughout the life.
3.  Presence of pharyngeal gill slits & post anal tail during some stage in the ontogeny.

            Hence, the specimen belongs to the Phylum Chordata.

1. Presence of Cranium.
2. Presence of vertebral column.
3. Presence of paired lateral appendages.
4. A post anal tail usually present.

           Hence, the specimen belongs to the Sub Phylum: Vertebrata

1. Mouth is covered by functional jaws.
2. Presence of paired appendages.

       Hence, the specimen belongs to the Super Class Gnathostomata

1. Operculum is present to cover the gills.
2. Homocercal type of tail is present.
3. Presence of bony endoskeleton.
4. Presence of terminal mouth.

      Hence, the specimen belongs to the Class: Osteichthyes

1. Fins are  supported by lepidotrichia—thin, bony, or horny spines that radiate from the body.
2. Fin rays attach directly to the internal skeletal elements (radials).
3. Rays are connected by a thin layer of skin (webbing), acting like a folding fan. 

   Hence, the specimen belongs to the Sub Class: Actinopterygii

1. Scales are absent or covered by epidermis.
2. Presence of fully filamentous gills.
3. Presence of swim bladder.

Hence, the specimen belongs to the Super Order Teleostei

1. Naked skin or with bony scutes or plates but never with scales.
2. Barbels 1 to 4 pairs.
3. Reduced maxillary support the barbels.
4. Ramified lateral line is present.
5. Abdominal pelvic fin is present.
6. First fin ray of dorsal & pectoral fins modified as hard spines or thick rays.

Hence, the specimen belongs to the  Order Siluriformes

1. Very short dorsal fin, spineless, with 4 or 5 rays.
2. Pectoral fin with a spine & with 10-15 rays.
3. Ventral fin with 9-10 rays.
4. Anal fin long with 65-95 rays.
5. Presence of four barbels. One pair maxillary & one pair mandibular.
6. Deep mouth cleft, extending to behind the eyes.

          Hence, the specimen seems to be 

Tenualosa sp

Systematic Position: (Young,1981)

Kingdom: Animalia

         Phylum: Chordata

             Sub Phylum: Vertebrata

                    Super Class: Gnathostomata

                         Class: Osteichthyes

                               Sub Class: Actinopterygii

                                  Super Order: Teleostei

                                              Order:  Siluriformes

                                                  Genus: Tenualosa

IDENTIFICATION (with reason) OF Tenualosa sp (B.Sc. ZOOLOGY_CCF- SEMESTER5_DSCC-9)

Identifying features are:

1. Multicellular heterotroph.
2. embryonic development, preceded by heterogametic fertilization.

            Hence, the specimen belongs to the Kingdom Animalia.

1. Presence of hollow, dorsal, tubular nerve cord.
2. Presence of notochord, at any stage of their life or throughout the life.
3.  Presence of pharyngeal gill slits & post anal tail during some stage in the ontogeny.

            Hence, the specimen belongs to the Phylum Chordata.

1. Presence of Cranium.
2. Presence of vertebral column.
3. Presence of paired lateral appendages.
4. A post anal tail usually present.

           Hence, the specimen belongs to the Sub Phylum: Vertebrata

1. Mouth is covered by functional jaws.
2. Presence of paired appendages.

       Hence, the specimen belongs to the Super Class Gnathostomata

1. Operculum is present to cover the gills.
2. Homocercal type of tail is present.
3. Presence of bony endoskeleton.
4. Presence of terminal mouth.

      Hence, the specimen belongs to the Class: Osteichthyes

1. Fins are  supported by lepidotrichia—thin, bony, or horny spines that radiate from the body.
2. Fin rays attach directly to the internal skeletal elements (radials).
3. Rays are connected by a thin layer of skin (webbing), acting like a folding fan. 

   Hence, the specimen belongs to the Sub Class: Actinopterygii

1. Scales are absent or covered by epidermis.
2. Presence of fully filamentous gills.
3. Presence of swim bladder.

Hence, the specimen belongs to the Super Order Teleostei

1. The presence of scutes—a row of sharp, keel-like scales along the belly, gives these fish a characteristic 'saw-toothed' appearance.

2. Body is covered with deciduous cycloid scales that contain high levels of guanine, creating a brilliant silvery, reflective sheen.

3. A  Single short dorsal fin located near the midpoint of the body.

Hence, the specimen belongs to the  Order Clupeiformes

1. Laterally compressed body, is covered by shinning silvery scales.
2. Ventral side of abdomen has saw edge.
3. On the posterior-dorsal surface, vertical darker bars appear.
4. Presence of dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal & caudal fins.
5. Caudal fin is partly covered by scales at its base.
6. Caudal lobes are short & stubby.

Hence, the specimen seems to be 

Tenualosa sp

Systematic Position: (Young,1981)

Kingdom: Animalia

         Phylum: Chordata

             Sub Phylum: Vertebrata

                    Super Class: Gnathostomata

                         Class: Osteichthyes

                               Sub Class: Actinopterygii

                                  Super Order: Teleostei

                                              Order:  Clupeiformes

                                                  Genus: Tenualosa