Identification of Hoof Marks of Hoofed Mammals [Deer, Cow & Gaur & Elephant]

 Identification of Hoof Marks of Deer, Cow & Gaur:

Ungulates have a split hoof with two toes that leave a distinct imprint. Ungulates can be divided into two main groups based upon the shape of their toes. One group has toes that are curved forming a heart-shaped print, while the other have toes that are rounded and leave a round or even square-shaped print.

Characteristics of Hoof Marks of a Deer:

1. Hoof prints of Deer's are also known as ''Slots''. Two split toes (Hooves) are very much pointed at the tip. This make an upside down heart shaped track.
2. Smalls print behind the hoof mark is known as ''Dew Claws''.  The sides of the track are convex.
3. Average tracks are about 1 to 3 inches long, but can vary by species & the deer's size.
4. Each track consists of two separate, pointed toe impressions.
5. The small dewclaws may also register in soft soil, mud ,or snow, appearing as two parallel or slightly angled marks behind the main hoof.
6. Fronts tracks are generally larger than rear tracks, especially on adult deer.
7. Frawns have smaller tracks with sharper tips compared to adults.

                                                        Photo: Hoof Print of a Deer

An ungulate hoof like a Bovine is divided into two almost equal parts.

                                                   Photo: Hooves mark of a cow

Hooves mark of Indian Gaur or Indian Bison are deep, flat, narrow & elongated.

                               Hoof mark of an Indian Gaur. Copyright: Sirichai_raksue

Characteristics of Hoof Marks of a Elephant:

1. Front footprints are generally larger & rounder, while hind footprints more oval shaped.
2. Footprints may measure 40-50 cm. in length & width.
3. Footprints with sole & number of toenails.
4. The sole of an elephant's foot has a unique pattern of cracks, which is left in the print & can help identify individuals.
5. A scuff mark at the front of the footprint indicates the elephant's direction of travel.
6. The most reliable way to differentiate Asian & African elephant tracks is by counting the number of toenails. Note that these aren't always visible in every print.
7. Asian elephants: Typically have five toenails on their on their front feet & four on their hind feet.
8. African elephants: Typically have four toenails on their front feet & three on their hind feet.